My e-primbon Part 2

How to write an invitation letter:

1. The tone of an invitation should be always positive, in anticipation of a pleasurable occasion. Picture your guests smiling when they read your letter of invitation. Clever phrasing, poetry or a themed approach may be appropriate for an informal occasion, but you should express the details clearly.

2. Extend the invitation, naming the event and including the date, time, and place. If the event has a special purpose, such as honoring someone or celebrating an anniversary, state this.

3. Indicate if a gift is not expected if the event is a retirement, an anniversary, or a reception. If a gift is welcome, it is usually best to say nothing, except in the case of bridal or baby showers.

4. Indicate the appropriate dress, if there is any reason for question.

5. Express anticipation.

6. Ask for a response by a specific date.

7. Try to send your invitation letter two weeks or more in advance.

Be sure your invitation letter includes:

• The name of the person sponsoring the event (who is the host/hostess?)

• Exactly who is invited (can someone bring a guest, spouse, child?)

• What type of social event is being held

• The date, address, and time of the event

• Directions or a simple map if the location may be difficult to find

• What type of dress is appropriate or preferred

• The phone number and deadline to reply; precede these facts with “RSVP” (French abbreviation for “please reply”).

If you must decline to accept an offer, invitation, or gift, you should:

• Be gracious, whatever the reason is that you must decline.

• Thank the person for the invitation, offer, gift, suggestion, etc.

• State clearly that you are unable to accept.

• Briefly state the reason that you are unable to accept, if desired.

• In closing, restate your appreciation for the person’s consideration.

Gratitude is expression that used to said thank you to other people.

Kind of gratitude expression are :

v Thank you very much.

v Thanks.

v I’m grateful to…….

v I want to thank.

v I want to express my gratitude to……..

v I keep forgetting to thank you for…….

Respon of expressing :

v You are welcome.

v Don’t mention it.

v Not at all

v It was nothing at all.

v No problem

v Glad to be of help.

v (it was) my pleasure.

v I’m glad I could help.

v I’m glad I could do it.

v I’m glad I could be of help.

Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.

Expressing :

• What a nice dress.
• You look great.
• You look very nice.
• I really must express my admiration for you………
• Good grades.
• Excellent.
• Nice work.

Time to express compliment :

• On his/her general appearance.
• If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
• When you visit someone’s hous for the first time.
• When other people do their best.

Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.

Expressing :

• Let me congratulate you.
• Congratulations on you successful business.
• My congratulations on your success.
• Congratulations on your promotion.
• Good!
• Tha’s great!
• Isn’t that wonderful!
• How fortunate.
• Splendid!
• Pretty good!

Responding :

· Thank you.

· Thanks, I needed that.

· That’s very kind of you.

· It’s very kind of you to say that.

· Do you really think so?

· You’ve made my day!

· The same to you.

· I’m glad you like it.

· Thank you. It’s nice of you to say so.

Surprises and Disbeliefs is expression that used to expressomething that we can’t believe or impossible.

• Kind of Surprises and Disbeliefs expression are :

• What a surprises?
  

• That’s very surpising!
  

• Really?
  

• Oh, no…………..
  

• Are you serious?
  

• What?
  

• That’s unbelieveble!
  

• Fancy that!
  

• You’re kidding!
  

• I find that hard to believe.

Surprising amazement of something :

• Fantastic!

• How marvelous/beautiful!

• It’s very interesting!

• It’s great!

• It’s terrific!

• Wow, that’s amazing!

• Wonderful!

• What a nice……

• What a lovely flower!

• Hey, that’s really terrific!

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

* Could you tell me...?
* Do you know...?
* Do you happen to know...?
* I'd like to know...
* Could you find out...?
* I'm interested in...
* I'm looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

* I'm calling to find out...
* I'm calling about...

Narrative text is a kind of text to retell the story that past tense. The
purpose of the text is to entertain or to amuse the readers or listeners about the story.

The generic structure of Narrative text :

1. Orientation :

It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question : who, when, what, and where).

2. Complication :

Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.

3. Resolution :

The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.

4. Re-orientation :

The ending of the story.

5. Evaluation :

The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story

Linguistic features :

1. Use active verbs.

2. Use past tense.

3. Use conjunction.

4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They).

5. Use specific nouns.

6. Use adjective and adverbs

Kind of Narrative text :

1. Legend : Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, etc.

2. Fable : Mousedeer and crocodile.

3. Fairy tale : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc.

4. Science fiction

Example :


In the town of Verona there lived two families, the Capulets and the Montagues. They engaged in a bitter feud. Among the Montagues was Romeo, a hot-blooded young man with an eye for the ladies. One day, Romeo attended the feast of the Capulets', a costume party where he expected to meet his love, Rosaline, a haughty beauty from a well-to-do family. Once there, however, Romeo's eyes felt upon Juliet, and he thought of Rosaline no more.
The vision of Juliet had been invading his every thought. Unable to sleep, Romeo returned late that night to the Juliet's bedroom window. There, he was surprised to find Juliet on the balcony, professing her love for him and wishing that he were not a "Montague", a name behind his own. "What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet." Romeo was ready to deny his name and professed his love. The two agreed to meet at nine o-clock the next morning to be married.
Early the next morning, Romeo came to Friar Lawrence begging the friar to marry him to Juliet. The Friar performed the ceremony, praying that the union might someday put an end to the feud between the two families. He advised Romeo kept the marriage a secret for a time.
On the way home, Romeo chanced upon his friend Mercutio arguing with Tybalt, a member of the Capulet clan. That qurreling last caused Merquito died. Romeo was reluctant no longer. He drew his sword and slew Tybalt died. Romeo realized he had made a terrible mistake. Then Friar Lawrence advised Romeo to travel to Mantua until things cool down. He promised to inform Juliet.
In the other hand, Juliet's father had decided the time for her to marry with Paris. Juliet consulted Friar Lawrence and made a plot to take a sleeping potion for Juliet which would simulate death for three days. The plot proceeded according to the plan. Juliet was sleeping in death.
Unfortunately, The Friar's letter failed to reach Romeo. Under the cover of darkness, he broke into Juliet's tomb. Romeo kissed the lips of his Juliet one last time and drank the poison. Meanwhile, the effects of the sleeping potion wear off. Juliet woke up calling for Romeo. She found her love next to her but was lying dead, with a cup of poison in his hand. She tried to kiss the poison from his lips, but failed. Then Juliet put out his dagger and plunged it into her breast. She died.

Modals in the past are :

• Could.

• Might.

• Would.

• Should.

The formula of Modals in the past form :

1. COULD + VERB BASE.

• To offer Suggestion or Possibilities.

Example :

Cika : “I’m having trouble with math.”

Riko : “Why you don’t ask Kiki? Perhaps she could help you.”

• To indicate that ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example :

Santi : “Nik, can you climb the mango tree?”

Niko : “Well, I could climb the mango tree when I was so young, but I think I’m too heavy to climb it.”

2. WOULD + VERB BASE.

• For an action that was repeated regulary in the past.

Example :

Ani : “What did you do on holidays?”

Risma : “I would visit my grandparents and my other family in the village, but how not anymore.”

• Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.

Example :

Jerry : “What would you rather do in weekend, go to the party or stay at home?”

Lita : “I would rather stay at home than go to the party.”

• To express polite request.

Example :

Mr. Willy : “Would you mind posting the letter?”

Reva : “No, not at all.”

3. SHOULD + VERB BASE.

• To give definite advice.

Example :

Mother : “Neva, you should study tonight. You will have math test tomorrow, won’t you?”

Neva : “I will, Mom.

4. MIGHT + VERB BASE.

• To tell possibilities

Example :

Dina : “Why is Riko taking the bus to get home?”

Rita : “He might get a flat time.”

• To express polite request.

Example :

Dimas : “Might I borrow your book?”

Vera : “Yes, of course.”

Example of Direct Speech :

1. Jani said, “I’m very busy .”

2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”

3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”

4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”

5. You said, “I will come to help him.”

6. Oskar will say, “I will do my best.”

Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons
word.

There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :

1. Imperrative (command/request)

2. interrogative (question)

3. Declarative (statement)

Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to wory about it.

2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.

In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".

Example :
1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.

2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.

3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.

Time change

Tense change

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple She said, "It's cold."	›	Past simple She said it was cold.
Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online."	›	Past continuous She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past perfect She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past perfect continuous She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

The Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text

Descriptive Text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.


The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text

Descriptive text has structure as below:
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.


Features

* The topic is usually about the attributes of a thing.
* Third person pronoun forms are used.

Example :

Cleopatra was legendary. She was famous not only for her breathtaking beauty but also for her great intellect. She had brown eyes and they were shaped like cat eyes. Her skin was in fact an olive shade, darker than Hollywood actress Liz Taylor who potrayed her in the film 'Cleopatra' in 1963. She had medium dark brown hair, about to the middle of her shoulder blades. She had a reputation as an extraordinarily sensuous woman.

Cleopatra was a woman of remarkable poise and unusual intelligence. She was highly educated. She spoke proficiently in nine languages and also skilled in mathematics. She is often considered to be a stunning seductress though she was studying to be a nun. Cleopatra was a very intelligent queen and a politician with a great charisma.

A. To understand this lesson is easy.

B. It is easy to understand this lesson.

In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.

A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.

Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.

Introductory “it” as a subject:

To watch musical programs is pleasant.

It is pleasant to watch musical program.

To play football must be fun.

It is fun to play football.

• Description of News Item

News Item is a factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

• Function of News Item

Social Function of News Item is to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

• Generic Structure of News Item

- Newsworthy event(s) : recount the events in summary form.
- Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
- Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.

• Significant Grammar Features

- Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
- Generally using Simple Past Tense
- Use of Material Processes to retell the event
- Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
- Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
- Focus on Circumstances
- Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.

1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.

Example: Town ‘Contaminated’

Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.

2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used

Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004

Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.

3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.

Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis

Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.

4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.

Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.

Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.

5. Headlines are not always complete sentences.

Example: More earthquakes in Japan.

Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in Japan.

A finite verb is a Verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.

Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases.

Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form.

In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:

• the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."
• the imperative mood (giving a command).
• the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence); nearly extinct in English.

A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act, or mode of being. Finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.

A noun phrase is other a single noun or any group of words containing noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of averb.

For example, ‘they’ , ‘books’, and ‘the books’, are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)

- Structure of Noun Phrases:
• A beautiful old painting on the wall

When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them, you put adjectives in front of the first noun.
Example : We just spoke with a young American boy

Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (base + ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.

Simple Future Tense is used to describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.

Formula :
1. Positive
(+) S+ shall/will +V1
Ex : - I shall clean the room
- We will go to school

Or

(+) S+ be + going to + V1
Ex : - I am going to play tennis
- He is going to write a story

2. Negative
(-) S + shall/will + not + V
Ex : - I shan't buy a shirt
- He won't clean the room
Or
(-) S + be + not + going to + V
Ex : - I am not going to give a present


3. Interrogative
(?) Shall/will + S + V ?
Ex : - Will we play tennis ?
Or
(?) Be + S + going to + V ?
Ex : Is she gong to write story ?

Notes :
Shall just can use for subject I and We

Will digunakan pada :
- sesuatu yang belum pasti
- spontan diputuskan
- Membuat janji

Be going to digunakan pada :
- Prediksi dengan bukti yang kuat

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.

Ways to say it :

* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Ardi?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Rio?
* Would you care some salad?

Ofering to friends:

* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:

* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?

Declining an offering :

* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering :

* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice

Formal expressions:

• I wonder if you remember.....

• You remember...., don’t you?

• You haven’t forgotten...., have you?

• Don’t you remember.....?

• Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:

• Let me think, yes, I remember.

• I remember especially the scenery.

• I’ll never forget that

• ’ll always remember.

• I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:

• Remember the old house we used to live in?

• Remember that?

• I’m sorry I don’t remember

Ways to respond:

• Hold on. Yes, got it!

• I know.....

• It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:

• Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.

• I’m affraid I forget.

• I really can’t remember.

• I’m afraid I have no memory of him

• Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.

• Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

In the Passive Voice , the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.
Only transitive verb are used in the passive. Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.

Pattern :
be + past participle

Example :